CDR (Call Detail Record) is used for billing of voice calls in 4G/5G/LTE systems What is CDR? CDR refers to the call detail record provided by a telecom service provider. It is data containing information about system usage, documenting the details of calls or other communication transactions.It contains multiple call attributes such as identities of source and destination, […]
What Are CPRI and eCPRI? CPRI, or Common Public Radio Interface, defines key interface specification between REC (Radio Equipment Control) and RE (Radio Equipment) of radio base stations used for cellular wireless networks. It is a protocol of choice for fronthaul communications between towers and base stations (BSs) through several generations of wireless networks. CPRI […]
What is Special Subframe and why is it important? The Long Term Evolution (LTE, 4G ) standard defined by the 3GPP supports both FDD and TDD Duplex mode. The major difference in TDD and FDD is that in TDD system a single frequency is shared in time domain between Uplink and Downlink where as in […]
NB-IoT and LTE-M Explained: Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) is a Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) radio technology standard developed by 3GPP to enable a wide range of cellular devices and service. The advantage of LTE-M over NB-IoT is its comparatively higher data rate, mobility, and voice over the network, but it requires more […]
RadioMobile: Popular software for 4G Network planning RadioMobile is a widely-available software package which can be used for 4G Network planning, including path profiling and clearance criteria, power budgets, choosing antenna sizes and tower heights. For website for RadioMobile, please see this link here: RadioMobile functions For 4G Network Planning, the software package can be […]
PLMN: What is a Public Land Mobile Network ? PLMN: A public land mobile network is a wireless communications system intended for use by terrestrial subscribers. Such a system can stand alone, but often it is interconnected with a fixed system such as the public switched telephone network (PSTN). The most familiar example of a […]
What is Circuit Switched FallBack (CSFB) ? Circuit Switched FallBack (CSFB) is a technology used in 4G LTE whereby voice and SMS services are delivered to LTE devices through the use of GSM or another circuit-switched network. Circuit Switched FallBack is needed in some networks because LTE is a packet-based all-IP network that cannot support […]
4G LTE Cells, Sectors and Antenna Beamforming Why Beamforming in Cellular Radio Design? In cellular radio network design, a simple hexagon is used to represent a complex object: the geographical area covered by cellular radio antennas. These areas are called “cells.” This shape lets us picture the cellular idea on a map, because when displaying […]
Beamforming and 8T8R LTE Radios New technologies, new techniques One of the early lessons learned by operators deploying LTE TDD was that of implementing beamforming with 8T8R (8 transmit, 8 receive) radio modules from the beginning. China Mobile is utilizing beamforming with 8T8R within the majority of its base stations from day one, a consequence […]
RF Connectors used for LTE Base Stations Specialised connectors are used for 4G & 5G LTE Base Stations. Key requirements include ability to handle high RF power levels as well as Low-PIM (Phase InterModulation) With all RF connectors the safe power handling is determined by the heating and subsequent oxidation of the centre ‘pin’ for […]